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Painting

2007-06-09 15:10:31

The Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world.

The Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world.

Arts.

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a vehicle (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas ,wood panel or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself. Colour is the essence of painting as sound is of music. Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, Newton, have written their own colour theory. Moreover the use of language is only a generalisation for a colour equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. There is not a formalised register of different colours in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C or C#, although the Pantone system is widely used in the printing and design industry for this purpose. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage. This began with Cubism and is not painting in strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer. Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of concept; this has led some to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work.
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The various arts

2007-06-09 15:09:03

A precise definition of the arts can be contentious, but the following areas of activity usually are included:

Historically, the arts included the Artes Liberales (liberal arts) taught in medieval universities as part of the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and the Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.) In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or a subset of the Humanities. Some subjects in the Humanities are history, linguistics, literature, philosophy, women's studies. Newspapers such as the New York Times and The Times of London typically include a section on the arts.
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Arts

2007-06-09 15:08:18

The arts is a broad subdivision of culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. In modern usage, it is a term broader than "art", which usually means the visual arts (comprising both fine art, decorative art, and crafts). The arts encompasses visual arts, performing arts, language arts, and culinary arts. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the various arts, so the definitions of these terms overlap to some degree.
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Artificial intelligence

2007-06-09 15:05:54

Artificial Life.Traditionally Artificial intelligence has used a top down approach while alife generally works from the bottom up. Very related to weak alife, yet sometimes not considered as 'real artificial life', many optimization algorithms have been crafted which borrow from or closely mirror alife techniques. The primary difference lies in explicitly defining the fitness of an agent by its ability to solve a problem, instead of its ability to find food, reproduce, or avoid death.

Evolutionary art uses techniques and methods from artificial life to create new forms of art. Evolutionary music uses similar techniques, but applied to music instead of visual art.
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Marxist art historians

2007-06-09 14:57:56

Even Marxism has figured in the interpretation of art. Meyer Schapiro was the first art historian to take Marxism seriously. While he wrote about numerous time periods and themes in art, he is best remembered for his commentary on sculpture from the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, at which time he saw evidence of capitalism emerging and feudalism declining. Arnold Hauser wrote the first marxist survey of Western Art, titled "The Social History of Art." In this book he attempted to show how class consciousness was reflected in major art periods. His book was very controversial when it was published during the 1950s because it makes gross generalizations about entire eras. However, it remains in print as a classic art historical text. T.J. Clark was the first art historian writing from a Marxist perspective to abandon vulgar Marxism per se. He wrote Marxist art histories of several impressionist and realist artists, including Gustav Courbet and Eduard Manet. These books focused closely on the political and economic climates in which the art was created.
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Definition of Art History

2007-06-09 14:54:29

Art history is a relatively new academic enterprise, beginning in the nineteenth century.[4] Whereas the analysis of historical trends in, for example, politics, literature, and the sciences, benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, art historians rely on formal analysis, iconology, semiotics (structuralism, post-structuralism, and deconstruction), psychoanalysis and iconography;[5] as well as primary sources and reproductions of artworks as a springboard of discussion and study.[6] Advances in photographic reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of reproductions of artworks accurately. Nevertheless the appreciation and study of the visual arts has been a area of research for many over the millennia. The definition of art history reflects the dichotomy within art; i.e., art as history and in anthropological context; and art as a study in forms. The study of visual art can be approached through the broad categories of contextualism and formalism.[7][8][9][10] They are described as:

  • Contextualism
    The approach whereby a work of art is examined in the context of its time; in a manner which respects its creator's motivations and imperatives; with consideration of the desires and prejudices of its patrons and sponsors; with a comparative analysis of themes and approaches of the creator's colleagues and teachers; and consideration of religious iconography and temporal symbolism. In short, this approach examines the work of art in the context of the world within which it was created.
  • Formalism
    The approach whereby the artwork is examined through an analysis of its form; that is, the creator's use of line, shape, color, texture, and composition. This approach examines how the artist uses a two-dimensional picture plane (or the three dimensions of sculptural or architectural space) to create his or her art. A formal analysis can further describe art as representational or non-representational; which answers the question, is the artist imitating an object or image found in nature? If so, it is representational. The closer the art hews to perfect imitation, the more the art is realistic. If the art is less imitation and more symbolism, or in an important way strives to capture nature's essence, rather than imitate it directly, the art is abstract. Impressionism is an example of a representational style that was not directly imitative, but strove to create an "impression" of nature. Of course, realism and abstraction exist on a continuum. If the work is not representational of nature, but an expression of the artist's feelings, longings and aspirations, or his or her search for ideals of beauty and form, the work is non-representational or a work of expressionism.

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Art History

2007-06-09 14:54:00

Art history is the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, e.g., genre, design, format, or look.[1] Art history is, more generally, the research of artists, along with their cultural and social contributions.[2] Art history (also called history of art) is a term which encompasses several different methods of studying the visual arts; in its most common usage it refers to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, and some aspects of the discipline overlap with art criticism and art theory. Ernst Gombrich observed that "the field of art history [is] much like Caesar's Gaul, divided into three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: the connoisseurs, the critics and the academic art historians".[3] Works of criticism or of theory have frequently been the pivots around which the understanding of art history has turned. Art history as a discipline is distinguished from art criticism, which is concerned with placing a relative artistic "value" on individual works with respect to others of generally comparable style, or giving sanction to an entire style or movement; and art theory, which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art and is related more to aesthetics and determination of the essence of beauty and artistic appeal. Art history is technically not these things. The art historian uses the historical method to answers the questions, "How did the artist come to create his or her work?" "Who were his or her patrons? His or her teachers? His or her disciples?" "What historical forces shaped the artist's oeuvre, and how did he or she and his or her creation in turn affect the course of events, artistic, political and social?"
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